Mathematics,Biology and Music

‘The types of mind which results from training in mathematics and in biologycertainly differ profoundly.But the difference does not lie in the intellectual faculty.It would be a mistake to say that manipulation of mathematical symbols requires more intellect than original thought in biology.On the contrary ,it seems much more comparable to the manipulation of the microscope and its appurtenances of stains and fxatives.Whilst original thought in both spheres represents very similar activities of an identical faculty.Intelligence is little affected by the effects of training.What is profoundly susceptible to training is the imagination ,and mathematicians and biologists seem to differ enormously in the manner in which their imaginations are employed.”(Preface to 1930 ed of The genetical theory of natural selection by R.A Fisher .Oxford uty press 1999)..While biologists deal with the sthoola(gross)and then proceed to the subtle (sookshma)of the human and animal ,plant body,mathematicians deal with the gross universe and its subtle aspects .The mathematicians are dealing with the abstractions of lines ,points ,infinitely thin laminae and masses concentrated at ideal centers of gravity and they are trained in their imaginations to do so.Eddington’s words that contemplation in natural science of a wider domain than the actual ,leads to a far better understanding of the actual ,shows the imagination needed for both biologists and the mathematicians to link the cosmic body and its mathematics with the worldly body and its mathematics.And this is what is done by the Upanishads and for this the saamaveda uses its musical repertoire.
Darwin was concerned about the variety of species and the variety of the physical characters in the siblings of the same parents which he called variations .W.Bateson in 1909 quoted Samuel Butler “To me it seems origin of variation is the only true origin of species.Darwin accepted the fusion or blending theory of inheritance as the undisputed belief of his times.This acceptance had influenced his views on variation and causes of organic evolution.But in a letter to Huxley in 1857 he had mentioned the possibility of not fusion but mixture as parents have parents and grandparents and thus a long list of ancestral origin .The pithru /mathru vansa of the ancient Indian chronologies and their laws of inheritance are never analysed by scientists or historians .Why should the racial and chronological list of paramparaas given in detail by the historians of India in such minute details if they were not aware of the survival of the races through ancestral genes is not asked by any one .Every one dismisses the chronology as a mythical text and as lies of an imaginary poetic mind.But I do see it as a biologist and Scientist .Only a race who thinks of the origin of the species can be so elaborate in recording the chronology of different kings and their relatives as well as of the entire Gurukula parampara.From where did we originate and from where did our wisdom and knowledge originate had been fascinating questions to these scientists/historians.Their varna and its rules also originated from such knowledge.They knew that with blending inheritance bisexual reproduction will tend to rapidly produce uniformity.And if variability persists,causes of new variation must be continually at work.They knew the great variability of the domesticated and wild species of animals,plants and also of humans because of the great biodiversity of the tropical forests which they occupied and also compared it with the temperate biodiversity which is not as great as the tropics.The domestication of human,animal and plant changes the conditions of food production and intake .Increase food intake cause increase in size but there is indirect variability in all directions ascribed to disturbance ,change of condition and regularity of action of reproductive system and the imbalance and balance of these conditions is dealt with in samkhya and yoga philosophy and in ayurveda and medicine of India which deals with biological knowledge.The tropical geological changes and the changes they bring about both in wild and domesticated species ,temporary increase or decrease of food due to the weather changes and variations of temperature which cause imbalance were well studied by them because of their proximity and familiarity to the cyclical monsoon clocks.they knew where to find food in times of distress and knew the nature and quality of food which was abundant and variable in their territory.they knew that for their survival the biodiversity also should survive and thus the agricultural and wild life preservation systems were evolved.These rules were not known to the western world to which Darwin belonged because they were not familiar with the tropical Indian geographical peculiarities and its long experience and traditional knowledge.Therefore ,variation under nature was described as “the subject is an obsure one.But it may be useful to probe our ignorance.”(Ch XX11 Variation).In the 1842 manuscript (Foundatins p2)it is said that “each parent transmits its peculiarities and if varieties are allowed to cross freely such varieties will be demolished .All bisexual animals must cross ,hermaphrodite plants does cross “And here the possibility of a third race and a number of races which has lost the purity of the original parental race and have differences is suggested.And if if varieties with only slight differences are crossed the differences disappear and produce a uniformity of breed .”
Such theories were existing in India for a prolonged period of time from prehistoric times and hence what Darwin postulated after the contact of Europe with India was the continuation of the ancient Indian concept only.But due to lack of familiarity with the rules of Indian scientists there had been several misunderstandings and mistakes .This we will come to later.One of the difficulties Darwin had with natural selection was that in the most ancient domesticated plants and animals ,the natural country where they were reared from ancient times showed more variations due to cross breeding .That is,the variations were not natural selections but made by crossbreeding by human intervention of cultivation and domestication.
The particulate inheritance(inheritance of a particle-gene) causes an individual to resemble a remotest ancestor and not the immeadiate parents ,for the ancestral gene pattern can be by chance reproduced and hence reversion of a variance occur.Thus particulate inheritance diffes from blending theory .There is no inherent tendency of variance to diminish .In a population with two alternative genes of any factor ,existing in the ratio of p to q ,the three genotypes would be in the ratio of p2:2 pq :q2.This algebraic ratio assures that the the characteristics will be represented in fixed proportions of the population ,provided the ratio p and q are unchanged.Chance survival and selective survival can change the ratio to slight extant.How can we calculate chance survival?
Suppose there is n number of individuals in a population .Breeding at random the variance will be halved by this cause alone in 1.4n generations.Since number of surviving individuals to reproduce in each generation in most species exceed a million and in some a millionfold greater ,the cause of hereditary variance will be exceedingly minute. ,when compared to rate of halving in one or two generations by blending inheritance.The contrast is that mutation rate needed to maintain a given amount of variability is many thousand times smaller in particulate inheritance than in blending theory.The variability of cultivated and domesticated animals being almost equal or more than the wild species whether natural or artificial selection is the cause for destruction and survival of species was a problem faced by the theory of selection and survival.
For Darwin,the fact that the siblings of same parents and ancestry having different variable features and characters could be explained in two ways by the two theories.Under the blending theory it proves mutation ,new and frequent .Under particulate inheritance it is due to heterozygote population,any two offsprings equally likely to get unlike or like genes from their parents.In close analogy to physical concept of energy and the statistical concept of variance,the heterozygote possess variance in a potential or latent form and it is stored in a homozygous from which it will later reappear.A statistical equilibrium of population is achieved thus by random mating between latent and apparent form of variance.Particulate theory resembles kinetic theory of gases with perfectly elastic collisions ,whereas blending theory resembles theory of gases with inelastic collision ,and in which outside agency is required to be continually at work to keep particles astir.
Many of the domesticated animals,birds(including men)are ill-fitted to survive in wild condition and in severe natural calamities.The natural selection is at work in wild varieties and artificial selection in domesticated and cultivated series and as one can expect it is the wild varieties which will survive and continue the races when some great disaster wipe out life on earth.By destroying wild life and normal and natural growth of plants and animals human beings are gradually destroying the survival of himself on earth.The adaptation of generations of species is not there for the manmade varieties of plants and animals ,whether it be artificial cloning or insemination.

When there is an increased demand the cells have the power of adaptive multiplication and then we find rates of mutation.Then,can we suppose the environment control nature of mutation,like the course of a projectile is controlled by the field of force in which it flies?Or does the mutation happen due to an inner urge in the cell implanted in it by a primordial ancestor which directs its predestined evolution?Or is the nature and the environment has series of interactions for such an evolution to take place?The blending theory presupposes every individual organism as a multiple mutant .In particulate theory the much lower mutation rates do not fit in with that.Weissmann postulated a momentum for mutations which enable the minimal mutations to increase in an advantageous direction until it attains a selection value ,and continuous decrease of a useless organ in evolution.Here the selection value is its utility and size which is not always true .
If a change of 1 mm have selection value a change of 0.1 mm has a selection value one-tenth as great ,though it is inappreciable to us.The rate at which mutation happen depend on selective advantage for a species but sometimes it has selective disadvantage as in a cancerous growth also.The frequency of mutations in Drosophila is not greater than one in 100000 flies,and a lapse of 100,000 generations is needed tp produce a significant change in the heritable nature of the species.And usually the mutant gene is eliminated by nature and not preserved in surviving individuals since they are pathological and lethal..The agency controlling mutations is not capable of controlling the direction of evolution.

How impossible it is without statistics to conjecture the duration of life and percentage of deaths to births in mankind.(Charles Darwin 1845 .Life and letters ,11;33).Physiologists admit that biology differs from the physicochemical and mathematical scinces in being inexact.(Huxley 1854).These two opinions are totally different ,yet we respect both Darwin and Huxley in their own way.Biology is not an inexact science and it needs statistics and mathematics physicochemical sciences as all of us know today .
We are born and we die.The interval is our life history.This is so for all species and for all individuals of each species.The calculation of a birthtime and time of death and calculations of how to manage the life and its various functions and business is all about sciences of India .It is what is called the dharmasasthra.It is in the mathematical calculation of a divine birth and the protection of dharma by that special birth ,India had excelled from time immemorial and still does.The Dalai Lama was identified by such a calculation.Indian scientists predicted birth of Christ .The birth of a Rama,Krishna and Budha were predicted before they were born.So the life history starts from a prediction of birth and the waiting for that prediction to happen by an entire nation .The chronology of kings and descendents and family is a type of census of the living and the dead calculating the population of that particular race ,whether sooryavansa,chandravansa or a mixture of the two ,or agnikula .I have given the chronology of the three Nalapat branches as a sample of population control which is inbuilt in the maternal branches and a Malthusian parameter of population increase is shown in the paternal branch of the Nalapat (Christian converts).The reproductive value of a female increases from age 10 to 20 -25 and thereafter it decreases steadily and by 40 it is nil .Therefore by studying the living females in a family and calculating their age one can reach a Malthusian parameter.For the paternal inheritance system ,the same is applicable to male members.Malthusian parameter of population increase is measured by a vital statistics of an organism in relation to its environment which determines the measure of relative growth rate of population .It also is a measure of the reproductive value of individuals at all ages and stages of their life history.In a pair of allellomorphic genes we can distinguish
1.rarer from more common
2.less advantageous from more advantageous
3.the mutant gene from the relatively primitive gene from which the mutant arose
4.recessive from dominant.

2 and 3 are closely associated.In a population the less advantageous may become rarer if freely allowed to reproduce.But the rarity can also be due to family control adopted by certain groups and not adopted by other groups and then just by rarity and commonality alone the advantage and disadvantage cannot be assessed.The rarity of AB dominant genes over O group gene (which is more primitive than all the others) is not to be assessed in that way.500 mutant genes in Drosophila cultures in 1958,showed distribution as follows:
Gene Recessive Intermediate Dominant Total
Autosomal 130 9 0 139
Sex-linked 78 4 0 82

In several species the wild gene /primitive gene dominance has been seen ,including in the rodents in which the albino genes were studied.This is true in the O group ,Rh + group of blood in human beings . The human trials of modification and mutation of RNA virus has resulted in the new H1 N1 virus (in 1918 the Spanish flu human virus was inoculated into swines and in 1930 the mutant first emerged and in 2009 it has assumed lethal proportions causing damage to human life ).Therefore ,the new trials with mutation and cloning are to be viewed with caution by the scientific community.The ignorance and overenthusiasm of human can cause havoc after sometime and when such a calamity happen the resistant mutant gene will not respond to usual methods of treatment.They will survive and that also is survival of the fittest according to the theory .
The chance of survival of an individual gene:-
The gene n an individual will appear in the next generation in a certain number 0,1,2,3… etc of individuals or homologous loci.For bisexual individuals there should be two individuals with the same gene.But in a virus or in organism with selffertilisation,the same gene appear in the offspring and the original gene is doubly represented if the individual survives to maturity.The probabilities of the offspring getting the gene 0,1,2.. attain maturity is denoted by P0,P1,P2…,where since one of these contingencies must happen ,
P0+P1+ P2+….= 1.

Probability of extinction Probability of survival
Number of generations No advantage 1% advantage Difference No advantage 1% advantage
1 0.3679 0.3642 0.0037 0.6321 0.6358
3 0.6259 0.6197 0.0062 0.3741 0.3803
7 0.7905 0.7825 0.0080 0.2095 0.2175
15 0.8873 0.8783 0.0090 0.1127 0.1217
31 0,9411 0.9313 0.0098 0.0589 0.0687
63 0.9698 0.9591 0.0107 0.0302 0.0409
127 0.9847 0.9729 0.0118 0.0153 0.0271
Limit 1.0000 0.9803 0.0197 0.0000 0.0197

Of 10000 mutations enjoying a 1% selective advantage ,and which has already reached the stage of existence in one sexually mature individual,3642 will fail to transmit the advantageous gene to any descendent ,whereas with no selective advantage only 3679 will so fail.Even after 31 generations the number surviving out of 10000 will be only 687 against expectation of 589 where no selective advantage is enjoyed.When there are 10 lakhs individuals a 1% advantage mean ,in a group of only a few people the chance survival is almost inoperative.A mutation though advantageous has only very little chance of establishing in a species ,if it occurs once only.To have a 1 % advantage it has to happen at least 50 times ,and in mature individuals at least 250 times for its prospects to be secure in future .In a species with 100 crores in each generation,to maturity,a mutation rate of one in a thousand million will produce one mutant in every generation,and thus establish superiority of the new type in less than 250 generations and quite probably in less than 10,from the first occurrence of the mutation.If mutation rate is one in 10 lakhs the business is settled in the first generation.Mutation rates like other characteristics of organisms change only gradually in course of evolution.Unfavourable mutations happen increasing at 1 in 10 lakhs or more without affecting character of species,as in a cancer cell,whereas favourable mutations are at 1 in 1000 fold less and happen once only in 1000 generations at random.The rate of increasing mutation rates and decrease of it is compared in different species.When there is no selective advantage or disadvantage ,the fraction of cases in which extinction has not taken place after n generations is,approximately 2/n.That is,the in absence of selection,expectation in any future generation is equal to the number now living,that the average number of individuals in which the surviving genes will each be represented is ½ n.To observe the actual or sphuta ,if the frequency with which each number occurs is the coefficient of the corresponding power in expansion of theta (x),we have in theta the generating function of the moments in distribution.If zero is origin and u1,u2,u3 etc are the moments ,of the distribution of earlier generations ,those in the latter generations will have the coefficients of t denoted as u1’,u2’,u3’ etc and we have relations,u1’=u1,u2’=u2+u1,u3’=u3+3 u2 +u1, u4’=u4+6 u3+7 u2+u1 etc.
Since all moments are initially one (Eka or unity)it iseasy to see from these that u2 will increase proportionately to n,u3 to n2,u4 to n3 etc when n is large.Knowing the moments we may now infer the actual form of the distribution .
Thus time ,moments,each generation,and each individual as well as each genetic particle is interconnected in Indian mathematics and chronology of parampara.This knowledge of cosmic and biological law in terms of mathematics and its application into musical rhythms is a unique feature we can see in Indian tradition.The antiquity of this shows the antiquity of human culture and cognitive powers and creativity.The logarithmic tables of the ancient astronomers bear testimony to their observational and logical mathematicalpowers.There had been modifications in their values over time ,by different modern scientists but the methods remain the same as well as the basic truth remains the same is noteworthy.When Krishna says in the Bhagavad Geetha that everything and everybody exists as before ,the truth of recycling energy and its manifestation as generations of population has to be understood.
Stastistical investigation of just one parameter,say wing colour of night flying moths ,was taken up by R.A.Fisher to study variation as determined by mutation and selection. That means he took varna or colour of wing of moth for study of statistics.The study of varna (white,reddish white,yellow and black and its mixtures) in human species is done very early in India and they attributed the colours to the actions and karma not to birth from those times. Though it may appear crude and unscientific to the 21st century scientist,the method was known from at least 10000 BC is something which gives insight into human intelligence and cognition of variation and inheritance and attempt to group biological inheritance under karma theory so that equality prevail among all races of human beings.Darwin thought abundant species will make most rapid evolutionary change and supplant less abundant groups with which they compete.Among the factors which influence relationship between variation and selection is the tendency of like to mate with like ,known as homogamy.The effect of selection in human stature is increased in this way by more than 20 %.Fertility depends upon the constitutional similarity of the mates according to Indian sciences.R.A.Fisher also mentions this in his book(pp 99)but says there has been no research to prove or disprove this.Heterozygote stage has a selective advantage over homozygous state,and cross fertilization has advantage over self fertilization.In a population mating at random ,the reproductive value of the three genotypes would bein ratio of a:b:c.For genotype of first kind,its offspring will be pa+qb if crossfertilised at random,against a if it is selffertilised.For heterozygote we find,1/2(pa+b+qc)for cross fertilization against ¼(a+2b+c)for self fertilization.The average advantages in the two homozygous phase are thusq(b-a) and p(b-c)respectively.In heterozygotes it is ¼(p-q)(a-c).The frequencies in which the three phases occur being p2:2 pq:q2 ,the average loss of value in self fertilization will be ½ pq (2 b –a-c).Equilibrium is established when p=b-c/2b-a-c ; q=b-a/2b-a-c.
A,b,c being proportionate contributions to the ancestry of future generations we must have also , p2a +2 pqb _q2c=1.And substituting p and q we get b2-ac=2b-a-c.
Thus the average loss of value of offspring caused by self fertilization ,as a homogenous expression in a,b,c only in the form (b-a)(b-c)/2(b2-ac)..
For any factor a,b,c in the ratio 5:6:4 a stable genetic situation is established in which the product of selffertilisation is worth 1/16th less than the average products of cross fertilization.
Equilibrium involving only two factors A and a,B and b will be maintained mutually .It is important tounderstand the fact that equilibrium of frequencies of gametic combinations AB,Ab ,aB,ab requires a third condition of equilibrium .AB and ab are favoured by natural selection.AB and aB decrease when these opposite pairs increase .Adjustments take place by recombinations in individuals who are heterozygotes for both factors.AB and ab unite to form double heterozygote states and inequality in frequencies of the two kinds of double heterozygotes have an important consequence.When two factors considered happen to be on the same chromosome,frequency of recombination depend upon crossing over which is affected by genetic differences between different strains.Substitution of less favoured combinations for the more favoured combinations can happen.Thus a reduction in reproductive value ensues.
Individual variations of heritable nature has a distribution pattern .Suppose this distribution coinside with the modal integer,the frequency of values other than this integer may be easily calculated from the standard deviation of the distribution.If standard deviation is 1/6th of a unit,3 exceptions will be expected in a 1000 people.(3/1000)..For 1/8th,only 63 in a million people will show exception.For 1/10th of a unit,only one in 2 million.Very extensive counts will be required to exclude variations of this kind .The integral numbers possess a special stability favouring a conservative tendency in evolution.This is not found in simple measurements.In any highly adapted organism the probability of of advantage through any considerable evolutionary steps (saltation)rapidly becomes infinitesimal as the step is increased in magnitude.

If we look farther back,the proportion of existing variance ascribable to ancestry becomes smaller and smaller .Taking the fraction of segregation as only 2/5th in each generation,the fraction due to differences in ancestry 10 generations back is only aboutone pat of 160 ,while at 30 generations it is less than one in four millions.It is only the geographical barriers to sexual intercourse between different races ,which lead to geographical races and there is a common ancestor for entire human race from this viewpoint.The ancestry of members of the same nation can differ little beyond the last 500 years.At 2000 years the only differences that would seem to remain would be those between distinct ethnographic races.these or at least some of the elements of these ,may indeed be extremely ancient.Diffusion of blood between the separated groups was not completely nonexistent even in remotest times (especially with the ancient trade routes and commerce of the Indus valley Mehrgarh period,and archeological evidence of human migrations from Paleolithic times and before ) and hence the classification of the ethnographic races based on varna must be taken as an earliest evidence of human knowledge of biological and racial variance and inheritance as well.The knowledge of a common ancestor for every living creature ,not only human race,characterizes the knowledge of biological ancestry of Indians.They attribute Prajapathy Kasyapa as the first generator of all human races and races of animals and birds as well .Bible attributes Adam as the father of human races only .
Darwin was not the first to account for sexual selection by the two secondary male characteristics namely,battling of polygamous strong males to get the female and the amazing development of plumage in male birds like pheasants,peacocks etc .The sexual preference of females is determined by these two characters .The ability of birds to sing beautifully is another akin to plumage ,which attract the female bird.In these cases competition is between the members of the same sex for getting a female.Not between two species.The element of female will and choice also has a definite role in winning of the male animal/bird .But A.R Wallace rejected the role of female choice in evolution of sex-related ornaments of the male individual (like plumage,song,prowess etc).A medical person is required to certify the cause of death.But there is no need for such a person to certify the sociological cause of birth.If birth has taken place ,there definitely had been a sexual selection and a sexual union is known to everyone.What was the cause of attraction of female to male and the subsequent union is a biological as well as psychological/intellectual even spiritual thought process.Though it may seem abstract,it is the spiritual and intellectual and mental faculties that are first stimulated and the physical union happen only in the end and therefore it is only an effect and not a cause.For evolutionary change and survival by sexual selection,existence of a sexual preference at least in one sex(in female for a definite quality in male as described above)and bionomic conditions in which such preference will confer reproductive advantage are mandatory.When these two conditions are satisfied,the existence of special structures as plumage,special abilities of producing songs etc can be judged on morphological grounds to be efficacious as ornaments ,fully developed only in the mating seasons and paraded conspicuously for the female to see,hear and get attracted .In birds in captivity under artificial conditions the sexual preferences of birds are deranged by their mental derangement .That means an effective nervous system mechanism is needed for natural sexual preference and selection.It responds differently to a preferred male and a unprefered male.Even hens show this ability to behave differently to their preferred cocks.Even polygamous birds prefer only one mate in one season.According to Darwin,birds remain single when they cannot find a mate which does not interest or please it.According to H.E .Hpward (Territory in bird life)birds remain unmated because they are not in possession of a breeding territory where they can nest and breed unmolested ,and are ready to mate with even a widow or widower bird left in possession of a coveted nesting territory.We have to think of this character in human behaviour as well.Not only the second alliances but also the first alliances are based on availability of a suitable mate who can provide a home for rearing kids in human worldly life as well.Therefore samsaara is always akin to biological urges just as in any other animal/bird kingdoms .(In Indian philosophy this is called Puthreshana,vitheshana and lokeshana –desire for children,wealth and worlds).This is commo to all biological life forms .Female preference of males have along with the qualities mentioned as plumage,song ability,prowess ,the availability of a good home /nest for rearing young ones.Therefore men are proud of these qualities and achievements .The sexual selection being based on these characters,the strong ,beautiful,handsome with artistic abilities and enough support at financial level had been selected by the bride and her people as a suitable alliance and this continues still in our world .The plumage development and song abilityand sexual preference for these must advance together and should not be checked by counterselection ,so that it advance with everincreasing speed .If these conditions satisfy,the speed of development will be proportional to development already attained which will therefore increase with time exponentially or in geometric progression.Thus in any binomial situation in which sexual selection is capable of,and where it is not under check of any sort,exponential time expansion or increase in geometrical progression is seen which produce great effects rapidly.A countercheck will produce a relative stability .The number of males with plumage/song ability and the number of females for exert the female preference of it must be equalized for this balance.

How the males attract the attention of the females by their abilities ? How do they get a reproductive advantage over others?How is the monogamous bird societies also have the same advantage as the polygamous bird societies ,probably more than the polygamous ones ?According to Darwin,the early age at which the female is ready to breed,the number of offsprings are related to the availability of nutrients it gets.That is it is nonhereditary causes.The infant mortality rates are another cause for survival and if the animal starts mating early,even if a few offsprings die some will survive is the advantage of the early breeding of birds.Remating of birds (Darwin killed several birds to demonstrate this !And thus initiated the destruction of their race!) after its mate is dead is another means of survival of the races according to Darwin.The finely adorned male gain reproductive advantage and it act as special weapons as in territorial right establishment and the dispute is not a war but a creation of strong impression and intimidation on the rival (both male and female) and a sprightly bearing with fine feathers and triumphant songs are quite as well adapted for war propaganda as for courtship and this is an imitation of birds and animals by the ancient man.The plumage /peacock feathers on crown of kings /emperors ,the war trumpets and conches of them and the strength of the Akshouhini army to impress the neighbouring kings and his retinue of females must be seen in this light.The adornment to attract female and th especial weapons to intimidate the males of same sex are attributed to courtship and sexual selection by Darwin.These create an emotional reaction in other members of the same species.The acquisition of singing ability and developing of ornaments and artistic tastes is to have an evolutionary effect on female members of the species ,to fit her to appreciate more and more highly the display offered.The evolutionary reaction of war paint and war plumage and weapons is intended to male members to make them less and less receptive to all impressions save those arising from genuine prowess.The Batesian and Mullerian theory of mimicry is for defence as well as for survival of species.Sometimes nauseous flavours are evolved as a means of defence by the organisms as a part of mimicry.Stings,disagreeable secretions ,orders etc are the negative repellant forces at work for defence .
Just as our body has an innate selfregulatory mechanism of homeostasis,human societies also has a selfregulatory power.Only such societies will persist even after severe external intereferences and natural calamities to which it is exposed over prehistoric and historic times.The fact that Indian society has survived while Egyptian,Greek,Roman ,Babylonian and Assyrian societies succumbed to disasters shows the selfregulatory mechanism of this society had been at work since antiquity.The insect communities have a co-operative system comparable to human societies which function co-operatively to survive together (pp 180 R.A.Fisher). But they behave as a single animal body whereas human society has an individualistic system of reproduction .The attempt to have kulasangha(guilds of several families together)as panchaayathana during vedic times is akin to an attempt of behaving like a insect society for common benefit ,at least to some extant.The basis of such a cooperative economic system is free interchange of goods or services between different individuals for common good of all.The individual is induced by enlightened self interest to exert himself/herself actively in whatever way s may be serviceable to others and to discover new ways or improved methods of making himself valuable to the common wealth.Those who perform highest get valuable rewards from society .Those who perform least do not get fame or rewards of position.Therefore every one acted for the best performance .The social co-operation of human beings in villages and urban settlements and forests and mountains of India was based on this policy.They produced the best goods/services for the common wealth and enjoyed the land which was common property because it belonged to God ,not to any one individual in particular.Dharma and dhaana(charity) and truth were the vows of every one and in this system the natural and sexual selection had certain natural laws which were followed by every one for the sustainance of all races and species .The music of the spheres and of the seasons and of the day and night and the circadian bilological rhythms of the body were understood and followed as laws and the Indian system of music and music therapy is based on the balance of the three qualities just as the ayurveda ,following samkhya principles.

The number of children to a group of women at the end of their reproductive period cannot be ascribed only to chance.marrried or unmarried state,widowhood,divorce ,wealth and beauty and many other factors determine a womans fertility and it cannot be just studied with mathematics or statistics.There are several mental and moral qualities which determine reproduction.The choice between celibacy and marriage ,and if marriage is decided upon,between precipitation and and postponement of union is a matter of temperament.Some women are charmed by male society and others are not and this factor is at work in human societies unlike other animals and birds and the educational status of the female is a determining factor as well.Therefore the less number of children in a particular group of women cannot be assessed as a direct evidence of inheritance of infertility,nor is it a chance finding ,especially with modern methods of family planning.The evolution of the conscience of respecting voluntary reproduction in educated and civilized society cannot be assessed with statistics alone .In unciviliced societies and in poor families infant mortality as well as primitive infanticide also determine the number of children .The modern system of scanning and destruction of female foetus in utero has decreased the birth rates of female babies to some extant.Selective mortality by nature and selective mortality by artificial means both are at work in such cases .The races which had been having longest social experience of civilized conditions are most immune to modern methods of birth limitation according to statistics(pp 209 R.A.Fisher).Economic and biological forms of class distinctions is also of paramoiunt importance in selective use and control of birth of children.The male selection of birth rate and infanticides due to a patriarchal society is compensated by the female selection of births and protection of girl child in a matriarchal society.Therefore the “success in the struggle for existence “at least in human beings is dependent upon several other factors of sociopolitical and economic importance rather than on natural selection.A permanent civilization is a longstanding civilization and it has to be considered as successful .It is not necessarily unprogressive and conservative as some historians think,but represent the successful balanced and continuously progressive one which has withstood the test of time .And ,India being such a civilization,the world has several things to learn from her .

Intelligent design(ID )theory :-

The evolution versus ID theory is gaining importance.Is nature intelligently designed or not? Is Darwinism a pseudoscince ?In his book Dissent over descent Steve Fuller tries to answer these questions.According to Fuller the hostility to ID nad Darwinism is based not on science but on antireligious bigotry.In fact science and religion has gone hand in hand in India as well as in western history .The theological speculations about divine justice and dharma have fostered advancement of science .The contents of Fullers book deals with the subject under 7 headings.
1.Is there really a scientific consensus?
2.Was Darwin really a scientist?
3.Is there a middle ground between creation and evolution?
4.Is intelligent design any less science than evolution?
5.why cant evolutionists stop tallikig about design?
6.Why is intelligent design unlikely togo away?
7.Who is afraid of Biblical literalism?
ID theorists are steeped in Christain theology but without speaking of God or scriptures they use scientific terms and try to reinterpret science without doing independent research.They have a genetically modified Darwinism to explain origin of life on earth.For the biology is Gods design and technology is mans design and both are design sciences.Technology imitates and improves upon biology.
Bible say man was created in image of God.Indian scriptures say ,man created the veena with wood in the image of daiveeveena(the veena of human body designed by God).So ,man is the design of God in his image and the technology of the veena is the image of the image .Image of the design of God.There is a term called synchretism in linguistics .It is for grammatical forms that result from combining historically distinct roots ,which gives the mind an impression of a timeless idea.Someone who wants to advance a scientific paradigm can go to the roots of scientific history ,to the ancient predecessors and their works regardless of the projects that drove their scientific work.A stanunch atheist as well as a staunch believer in God both goes to roots of scientific logic to prove a point.The neo-Darwinian synthesis have allowed this without hindrance from their specific religious beliefs/interests.In open synchretism we can reexamine the original terms used both in science and scriptural literature and compare the origin .A secular humanist steeped in historical and philosophical relations between science and religion ,Steve Fuller calls the Jesuits the subtle masters of reconciling the seemingly irreconcilable.And,I being a person who has been steeped in Indology and Vaishnavism is also finding it easy to reconcile everything into the fold of science and spirituality,which for me are not separate but a single entity.Perhaps the Jesuit fathers who came to India and learnt Indian sciences and scriptures got their tradition from India ,though there is evidence from their early letters that their intentions and understanding of Indian tradition was not in the correct direction.Many scientists call themselves atheists ,but atheism as a positive doctrine has done nothing for promotion of science is a known fact.

The binomial system of classification and nomenclature is now attributed to the 18th century Swedish Physician –turned-naturalist Carolus Linnaeus.His classification of living things into kingdoms,order,genera,family and species is tantamount to a caste theory of nature ,with a chance for mobility,that is a species change ,restricted to hybrids created by nature or by human beings who undertake agriculture and animal husbandry.From where did he get this idea of nomenclature to all living objects ?From the translation of Itti Achuthan’s work by the Dutch enthusiasts .From where did IttiAchuthan get the knowledge ?From the ancient system of samkhya and Ayurveda and the concept of Naamaroopa for prakrithy /nature .The classification of Indian system expands to both living and nonliving objects while that of Linnaeus is confined to living things alone.Linnaeus ,living in a time in the west,where stars and elements were not named,but numbered ,diligently ascribed systematic assignment of names to 4400 animals and 7700 plants and 500 minerals .The concept of India that a naama or name is a manthra which confers secret powers to objects as well as to the person who names them was being experimented in a new way by the western world through Linnaeus.His work was titled “The system of nature”.The names were not just a list ,but an encyclopedia with grammatic rules for constructing new names as in Sanskrit,but in a different way.The intelligent design was being read through morphology of objects and then given a meaningful name.The name homo sapiens means ,human the wise.He had the concept that nature is created for human beings ,a Biblical concept,whereas in Indian concept nature is created for every creature alike.Linnaeus thought diseases occur when objects are named wrongly,or addressed by wrong names .This is the concept of Indian manthra also.A manthra wrongly produced or wrongly pronounced is harmful.A raaga wrongly rendered is harmful .Most of the creatures and plants were not seen by Linnnaeus but he named from the preexisting descriptions of the older books/writers.Linnaeus believed in the economy of nature whereby births and deaths are balanced ,and this is what we now call global ecology,a concrete sense of which ws beginning to be gleaned during Linnaeus ‘ lifetime ,from the long voyages for commercial ,diplomatic and military purposes (pp 64 Steve Fuller).This long voyages to India by the Europeans after Vasco da Gama was the real reason for the translation of scientific texts of India into European languages and the development of what we now call western science.(whether it be biology,medicine or astrophysics ).Linnaeus is portrayed as part of prehistory of modern biology.But he was also a early political economist.Because 18th century natural history and political economy shared a preoccupation of transforming the world balance from east to west .Only in the 19th century the terms biology and sociology became separate terms in France. The transition between civil history and natural history ,natural and political economy was difficult before that period.Adam Smith believed that supply and demand for goods tend towards equilibrium from Linnaeus observations about the finite size of anmal stomach checking the otherwise potentially insatiable desire for nourishment.Smiths generation of economists noticed Linnaeus arguments for national economic self sufficiency which was then called cameralism ,but now called protectionism.Linnaeus dream was to convert European states to gardens of Eden,where all nourishments were there for all the people so that they become selfsufficient.He thought that such a successful governance and economy will lead humanity of Europe back from the fallen state (of God).In every botanical and zoological garden ,that spirit is enlivened.But ,the spirit of economically selfsufficient welfare garden states or republics of the east which the Europeans coming from the temperate climates ,saw in tropical east was the real reason behind the concept.They identified the green tropical forests and its economy with Garden of Eden is that which really matters.Linnaean naturalists demonstrated in their gardens that naturally alien creatures can live harmoniously ,cooperating with each other in symbiosis ,even in human designed environments and they were the temples of these naturalists and were replica of Indian Upavana and Ashrams.By 1778,the year of death of Linnaeus,he was considered the most significant scientist after Sir Isaac Newton.

Darwin took another step back to genesis by reviving the tree of life image .The tree of life or Samsaaravriksha is a powerful image in Indian philosophy and worship of trees is as ancient as Indian life ,and is demonstrated from IVC,Mehergarh period onwards.The tree image shows all life descending from a common ancestor and the manifold species are thus from a single stock .The concept of Prajaapathy as the originator of everything in the universe is ageold.The treelike structure or cladogram is used for historic study of languages by German scholar,August Schleicher at the same period as Darwin.He constructed a geneology of Indo-European languages from an Adam –like originating moment in Northern India.His cladogram was stuck in biology ,aiding in development of taxonomy ,especially when DNA was interpreted as coding moments of speciation ,or branching of the evolutionary tree .This is the so-called molecular clock hypothesis.
What scientific method means is the natural divine spirit in each and every one of us,which is disciplined and channeled systematically ,by our own effort in self-knowledge or pursuit of truth.And this is what spirituality is all about.Therefore,I do not find any controversy between the spiritual and scientific,since I am trained in the ancient spiritual traditions of India and in the western scientific methods alike.
Science is based on faith in human reaon’s ability to transcend to its immeadiate circumstances.This is the same ground on which spiritualism is also based.The controversy between science and spirituality was constructed in 19th century by the industrialized technological Europe.Technology alone does not comprise science.Technology is a tool ,man being a tool-making animal,it is a tool he created for speedy actions and for better fulfillment of his needs in minimum time.Science is the systematic logically and mathematically verifiable laws which depend upon human cognizance and intelligence and experience .If we understand this,there is no controversy between spiritual and scientific.The fact that Galileo was prosecuted and his laws not accepted by Vatican,and that the main philosophical works of Pierre Teilhard de Chardin ,a heretic Jesuit paleoentologist who discovered the Java man fossils,were banned by the Roman catholic church until after his death in 1955 (because he did not accept a division of labor between science and religion in terms of how and why about the question of nature of life ) bears testimony to the fact that the Biblical and the scientific methods are different .But ,when we go to Upanishads and the vedic scriptural knowledge and the 6 darsana of India there is no controversy at all with spiritual and scientific methods of enquiry or with the goals of them.
DNA is considered as Gods language imprint .The DNA Nobel prize-winner James Watson recently told a journalist that UK is wasting its money on development aid to Africa .But that statement was a demonstration of his “selfish gene “,indirectly.The neo-Darwinist theory of reciprocal altruism means individuals are genetically predisposed to care for members of their own kin in the strong sense of group selection.(E.O.Wilson founder of sociobiology).We share 99 % of our genes with chimpanzee and 95 % with most other animal species.So that ,by the gene sharing we have an instinctive liking to protect the animal world ,creating a new brave moral economy and ecology ,which is as ancient as the animal species itself.Thus the idea of sustaining “our own”at the expense of “them”is lost.The Upanishads call it the mama(mine)and thava(yours)feeling.All are one .There is no mine or thyne difference in common sharing as God’s wealth .That was the global ecology practiced by ancient Indian scientists.The modern science has not yet reached that state ,but is progressing to that level slowly and steadily .Ecology is broader in concept than the welfare of a human society.It cannot be restricted to one religion alone ,to one society alone ,to human race alone but encompass the entire universe and that is Indian Advaitha theory practiced even by the illiterate who has never heard of the term.It is practice of advaitha rather than theoretical knowledge of it which was unique in India .When a new person(like a European in 13 -14th century)comes and see a illiterate villager protecting a tree and worshipping plants,trees ,serpents ,animals like cows etc,he may misjudge it as animism or as paganism because they are not aware of the practical advaitha which leads to ecological balance and selfsupporting economy for welfare of entire universe.Science was practiced ,not theorized here.

The synthesis of spirituality and science is not the same as the secular science-religion segregation ,lead by Francis Collins who led the US National Institutes of health drive to map human genome.he is committed to Christianity but ,like many atheists, he gives all religions equal treatment ,and treats them with respect .This is called a broad church approach to religion which results in a philosophy sufficiently devoid of controversy between Hindu,Muslim,Jew,Christian including Pope john paul 2(pp 105 Steve Fuller).The problem is ,this lumping together of Indian philosophy as a religion ,just like other semitic /or institutionalized religions which both scientists ,atheists and spiritualists are doing very often .They fail to see the difference between the artificially made religious propaganda from the logical mathematical ,reasoning and systematic codifying of knowledge in Indian thought ,more scientific than all modern sciences put together ,and the practical advaitha of global economy and self sufficiency of an ancient society which still survive after all the trials and tribulations it had been subjected to.Much of the war over science and religion was fought between Christianity and modern western science.

Can there be a design without a designer ?
Can Copernicus dislodge earth from the center of universe?
Can Darwin dislodge humanity from the center of earth?
Can Freud dislodge reason from center of humanity?
The privileged position of humanity in nature is lost from Darwin to the Michael Foucault ,the leader of postmodern questioning of ontological integrity of what is called the subject,the author/designer/or simply man.Postmodernism and naturalism fit in together.We humans have only marginal differences from the common genetic material of all living things and are subject to natural forces which we can control only marginally better than other creatures composed of the same genetic material.This is where the Indian philosophy of Samkhya,Vaiseshika and yoga comes in for our aid.Newton demonstrated that humans are capable of mastering a universe not physically centered on them,because our cosmic centrality is not tied to our physical nature.Freuds account of Narcissism was focused on own body .Kant’s confidence was grounded in something beyond the locus of endless fascination.Hume believed that the idea of cosmic order with or without God is a figment of human imagination.He rejected both sacred and secular knowledge.He reinvented for 18th century ,the therapeutic attitude of moral philosophy of ancient atomists called Epicureans ,whichWittgenstein reinvented for our own times.Hardy and Weinberg(1908)found out that evolution does not occur in a population if seven conditions are not met:-
1.Mutations not occurring
2.Natural selection not happening
3.Population is infinitely large
4.All members of the population breed
5.All matings are totally random
6.Everyone produces the same number of offsprings
7.There is no migration in and out of population.
In these situations the gene pool frequencies remain unchanged ,but since all these do not occur simultaneously in any real situation,evolution is the natural rule .Here evolution is defined in negative terms as result of anything that cause gene pool frequencies to deviate from the ideal case described by Hardy-Weinberg principle.The deviation from balance to imbalance and restoration of balance is the principle of Indian samkhya philosophy and of Chinese yin-yan balance.In 1800 William Paley designed the term artifact for all designed things.For him and ID theorists after him,biology and technology are two species of the same genus ,the design sciences.Biology is a divine design and technology is a human design.Nature is a divine artifice .We are both artifacts as well as offsprings of God.Reproductin is self replacement for survival and death is planned obsolescence.There is indefinite durability as well as perpetual movement for the machinery of life .These ideas developed into informed projects of biophysics,bionics,biomimetics and biotechnology etc.
Why do human beings try to create things that already exist in nature ?Why do we clone and make a being when it can be produced naturally?
How do we do it ?
How is the technology.Why is the nontechnological bio part of our nature.
James Clerk Maxwell said the universe is designed to be understood by creatures like human beings .this is now called the Anthropic principle.But who designed the universe?And who designed the human beings and other creatures who can cognize the design of the universe? And how human beings design a model of the universe as well as his own nature ?And thus become a designer himself ?If we replace the term design with creation,and designer with creator ,the science and spirituality meets .God as designer of universe and human beings ,and human beings as designers of scientific gadgets and instruments and methods of measurements of the universe etc are thus cognizable as noncontroversial.Now the only question remains to be answered is does human beings know what they are creating and what would be the aftereffects of them on global ecology?Did the industrial revolutionists know that fossil fuel usage will increase global warming within a short span of 300 years and make so much of natural calamities in the last decade ?Did the Spanish flu investigators in 1918 know that the hybrid virus they created by injecting Human virus in to swine will turn up as H1 N1 hybrid just 90 years after its creation and make so much of havoc?No .Human beings do not know what they are doing to global ecology or to global health.Their activities are for selfish purposes-for research degree,position,fame and high salaries and other paraphernalia the research project brings and they are not concerned with the welfare of entire world.In this they do differ from ancient scientists of India ,who believed in the dictum”Loka samastha sukhino bhavanthu”.
As Steve Fuller notices(pp 181)the idea of evolution was the common feature of most of the great cosmologies ,and of the karmic ideology of India and China.The entire global community will be benefited by the study of ancient Indian sciences and ways of living as part of natural ecology and humanism for global peace and wellbeing .Probably ,that is what we need in the present hour .The music of the cosmic spheres and of the biofields created by electromagnetic potential of the 72000 naadi and their chakra in human body ,and the 72 melakartha raaga as the parent naadi from which endless musical melodies are created for human health(physical,mental,intellectual and spiritual)as well as plant and animal health is thus revisited and reinvented/rediscovered for world peace and healthy living .This is probably the reason for my birth and my training in science and art of east and west.The life of every organism , being a design of the designer , the designer had designed me for the synthesis of art and science,west and east .I do hear the harmony of a musical melody in this perception of thought and life as a mission to be fulfilled,as a journey to be undertaken with blissful cognizance of a divine design.